Displacing Indigenous People: NBSE Class 11 History extra questions and answers

Get below the notes for quick revision during examinations and extra questions and answers for NBSE Class 11 History Chapter 14: Displacing Indigenous People.

European colonization of North America and Australia

• European colonization of North America and Australia started in the 17th century.
• Many young men and families from Europe came to North America and Australia seeking their fortunes.
• The settlers in North America left the "old world" behind, crossed the Atlantic Ocean, and started a new life in the Americas.
• In the 19th century, some people sailed across the Indian Ocean to settle in Australia and New Zealand, which were considered the "New World" in the South Pacific.
• The arrival of European settlers displaced many native people from their original homes.
• The European settlements in these countries were called colonies.
• Over time, the colonies gained independence from their European mother countries and became their own states or countries.
• Asian immigrants were allowed to settle in some of these countries during the 19th and 20th centuries.
• Currently, the majority of the population in these countries is made up of Europeans and Asians, with a small number of native inhabitants.
• The native people lived in villages and were rarely seen in towns.
• The natives have forgotten that they were once the masters of these countries and occupied much of their land.
• Many towns and rivers in these countries still have names that originated from the native people.
• Starting in the mid-20th century, historians began writing histories of different regions of the continents more seriously.
• Historians worked hard to research and document the past events and stories of various areas.
• Anthropologists, who study human societies and cultures, also played a role in exploring and understanding different regions.
• Anthropologists studied the customs, traditions, and way of life of different groups of people.
• They learned about the languages, arts, religions, and social structures of these societies.
• Through their research, historians and anthropologists shed light on the diverse histories and cultures of different regions.
• Their work helped to uncover the rich and complex stories of the native peoples of North America and Australia, as well as other parts of the world.
• Their efforts allowed us to gain a better understanding of the past and appreciate the diversity of human experiences.

Question: When did European colonization of North America and Australia begin?

Answer: European colonization of North America and Australia began in the 17th century.

Question: Who were the people coming to North America and Australia during colonization?

Answer: The people coming to North America and Australia during colonization were young men, families, wives, parents, sons, and daughters seeking their fortune and a new life.

Question: How did the settlers in North America and Australia travel to the "New World"?

Answer: The settlers in North America and Australia left the "old world" behind and crossed the Atlantic Ocean to start a new life in the Americas, while some sailed across the Indian Ocean to settle in Australia and New Zealand.

Question: What were the European settlements in North America and Australia called?

Answer: The European settlements in North America and Australia were called colonies.

Question: What happened to the native people when European settlers arrived?

Answer: The arrival of European settlers displaced many native people from their original homes.

Question: What happened to the colonies in North America and Australia over time?

Answer: The colonies in North America and Australia gradually achieved independence from their European mother countries and became their own states or countries.

Question: Who settled in these countries during the 19th and 20th centuries?

Answer: Asian immigrants were allowed to settle in some of these countries during the 19th and 20th centuries.

Question: Who currently forms the majority in these countries?

Answer: Currently, the majority in these countries is formed by Europeans and Asians.

Question: How did the native inhabitants live in these countries?

Answer: The native inhabitants lived in villages and were rarely seen in towns.

Question: What did the native people forget over time?

Answer: The native people forgot that they were once the masters of these countries and occupied much of their land.

Question: What did historians start doing from the mid-20th century?

Answer: From the mid-20th century, historians started writing the histories of various regions of the continents more seriously.

Question: Who else contributed to exploring the histories and cultures of different regions?

Answer: Anthropologists also contributed to exploring the histories and cultures of different regions.

Question: What did anthropologists study in their research?

Answer: Anthropologists studied the customs, traditions, languages, arts, religions, and social structures of different groups of people in their research.

Question: What did historians and anthropologists help uncover?

Answer: Historians and anthropologists helped uncover the rich and complex stories of the native peoples of North America and Australia, as well as other parts of the world.

Question: What did the work of historians and anthropologists allow us to do?

Answer: The work of historians and anthropologists allowed us to gain a better understanding of the past and appreciate the diversity of human experiences.

European Colonists in North America and Australia

• Spain and Portugal established empires in South America in the 16th and 17th centuries.
• France, Holland, and England started expanding their trading activities and creating colonies in the Americas, Africa, and Asia after the 17th century.
• Ireland was like a colony of England, with English settlers as landlords.
• The European powers created colonies to gather wealth and exploit the native people.
• The way they controlled their colonies differed from place to place.
• In Southeast Asia, trading companies like the East India Company initially wanted to make profits, but they started getting involved in the affairs of native states and became political powers.
• They defeated local rulers and took over their lands, but they didn't change the old administrative system much. They collected taxes from landowners and built railways, industries, mines, and plantations to boost their own trade.
• In Africa, the Europeans focused on trading along the coasts, except in South Africa. It was only in the late 19th century that they started moving into the continent's interior.
• European powers competed fiercely to colonize Africa, and they even divided the continent among themselves as colonies.
• The word "settler" was used by the Dutch in South Africa, the British in Ireland, New Zealand, and Australia, and the Europeans in America.
• English was the official language in most of these colonies, except for French in Canada.

Question: Which European countries established their empires in South America between the 16th and 17th centuries?

Answer: Spain and Portugal established their empires in South America between the 16th and 17th centuries.

Question: Which European powers began extending their trading activities in the Americas, Africa, and Asia after the 17th century?

Answer: France, Holland, and England started extending their trading activities in the Americas, Africa, and Asia after the 17th century.

Question: What was the relationship between Ireland and England during this time?

Answer: Ireland was virtually a colony of England, with the majority of landlords being English settlers.

Question: What was the main reason for establishing colonies by the European powers?

Answer: The European powers established colonies in order to amass wealth and exploit the native populations.

Question: How did the nature of control over colonies differ?

Answer: The nature of control over colonies varied, with some trading companies becoming political powers and annexing territories, while others focused on collecting taxes and promoting their own trade through infrastructure development.

Question: How did the European powers establish control over their colonies in Southeast Asia?

Answer: The trading companies, such as the East India Company, initially aimed for profit but began interfering in the affairs of native states, defeating local rulers, and annexing territories. They also built railways, industries, mines, and plantations to promote their trade.

Question: Where did the European powers focus their trading activities in Africa?

Answer: The European powers initially focused their trading activities in coastal areas of Africa, except in South Africa.

Question: When did the European powers start penetrating into the interior of Africa?

Answer: It was only in the late 19th century that the European powers began penetrating into the interior of Africa.

Question: What happened when the European powers competed to colonize Africa?

Answer: The race for colonizing Africa intensified among the European powers, and they eventually reached an agreement to divide the continent as colonies for themselves.

Question: Which European countries used the term "settler" in their colonies?

Answer: The Dutch in South Africa, the British in Ireland, New Zealand, and Australia, and the Europeans in America used the term "settler" in their colonies.

Question: What was the official language in most of these colonies?

Answer: English was the official language in most of these colonies, except in Canada where French was the official language.

Names given by Europeans to the countries of the new world

• European colonizers renamed the countries in the "New World."
• The name "America" was derived from the name of Amerigo Vespucci, who discovered the region.
• The name "Canada" was given after a village called Kanata by explorer Jacques Carter.
• The name "Australia" comes from the Latin word "austral," which means "South."
• The name "New Zealand" comes from the Dutch word "Zea," given by Tasman of Holland, who first saw these islands.

Question: What did the European colonizers do to the countries in the "New World"?

Answer: The European colonizers gave new names to the countries in the "New World."

Question: Who was Amerigo Vespucci, and how is his name related to the name "America"?

Answer: Amerigo Vespucci was an explorer, and the name "America" was derived from his name because he discovered the region.

Question: How did Canada get its name?

Answer: Canada got its name from a village called Kanata, given by explorer Jacques Carter.

Question: What does the name "Australia" mean, and where does it come from?

Answer: The name "Australia" comes from the Latin word "austral," which means "South."

Question: Where did the name "New Zealand" come from, and who named it?

Answer: The name "New Zealand" comes from the Dutch word "Zea," given by Tasman of Holland, who was the first to sight these islands.

Question: Who discovered the region that later became known as America?

Answer: Amerigo Vespucci discovered the region that later became known as America.

Question: How did Canada get its name, and who gave it this name?

Answer: Canada got its name from the village called Kanata, and the name was given by explorer Jacques Carter.

Question: What does the word "Australia" mean, and where does it come from?

Answer: The word "Australia" means "South" and comes from the Latin word "austral."

Question: How did New Zealand get its name, and who named it?

Answer: New Zealand got its name from the Dutch word "Zea," given by Tasman of Holland, who first sighted the islands.

Question: Why did the European colonizers give new names to the countries in the "New World"?

Answer: The European colonizers gave new names to the countries in the "New World" to reflect the explorers or the origins associated with the discovery of those regions.

North America

• North America extends from the Arctic Circle to the Tropic of Cancer and from the Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean.
• West of the Rocky Mountains, there is the desert of Arizona and Nevada, and further west are the Sierra Nevada Mountains.
• To the east, we find the Great Plains, the Great Lakes, the Mississippi River valley, the Ohio River, and the Appalachian Mountains.
• Mexico is located to the south of North America.
• About 40% of Canada is covered with forests.
• There are valuable minerals like oil and gas found in many areas of North America, which led to the establishment of large industries in the USA and Canada.
• Canada is a significant producer of corn and fruit.
• Fishing is an important industry in Canada.
• Before Europeans arrived, the people living in North America were economically less advanced.
• In the last 200 years, immigrants from Europe, Africa, and China played a major role in developing mining, industry, and agriculture in North America.

Question: What are the geographical boundaries of North America?

Answer: North America extends from the Arctic Circle to the Tropic of Cancer and from the Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean.

Question: What can be found west of the Rocky Mountains in North America?

Answer: West of the Rocky Mountains, you can find the desert regions of Arizona and Nevada, and further west, there are the Sierra Nevada Mountains.

Question: What geographical features can be found to the east of the Rocky Mountains in North America?

Answer: To the east of the Rocky Mountains in North America, there are the Great Plains, the Great Lakes, the valley of the Mississippi River, the Ohio River, and the Appalachian Mountains.

Question: Which country is located to the south of North America?

Answer: Mexico is located to the south of North America.

Question: How much of Canada is covered with forests?

Answer: About 40% of Canada's land is covered with forests.

Question: What valuable minerals can be found in North America?

Answer: North America has valuable minerals such as oil and gas, which are found in many areas of the continent.

Question: What industries were established in the USA and Canada due to the presence of minerals?

Answer: The presence of minerals, like oil and gas, led to the establishment of big industries in the USA and Canada.

Question: What are some major industries in Canada?

Answer: In Canada, major industries include the production of corn and fruit, as well as fishing.

Question: What was the economic condition of the people living in North America before Europeans arrived?

Answer: The people living in North America before Europeans arrived were economically less advanced or economically backward.

Question: Who played a significant role in developing mining, industry, and agriculture in North America?

Answer: Immigrants from Europe, Africa, and China played a major role in developing mining, industry, and agriculture in North America over the last 200 years.

Settling the New Land-North America: The Native Peoples

• The first man to reach North America may have crossed the Bering Straits around 30,000 years ago in search of game.
• People from Asia migrated to North America before Europeans did, even centuries earlier.
• During the last Ice Age, around 10,000 years ago, they moved further south.
• The oldest artifact found in America, an arrow point, is about 11,000 years old.
• The population of North America started to increase around 5,000 years ago when the climate became more stable.
• The people lived in bands and villages along river valleys.
• They grew crops like maize and vegetables.
• They ate fish and meat and often went on long journeys to hunt animals like bison and wild buffaloes.
• Hunting became easier in the 17th century when they started to ride horses obtained from Spanish settlers.
• They only killed as many animals as they needed for food and did not waste resources.
• They did not practice large-scale agriculture or aim to establish kingdoms or empires.
• There were occasional territorial disputes between tribes, but land ownership was not a major concern.
• They were satisfied with the land and shelter they had and did not desire to own more.
• They valued alliances, friendships, and gift exchanges with other tribes.
• The people spoke many languages, but these were not written down.
• They believed that time moved in cycles and passed down their history orally from one generation to the next.
• They were skilled craftsmen and made beautiful clothes.
• They had knowledge about climates and could judge soil quality.
• They understood different types of landscapes, similar to how literate people read books.

Question: When did the first man possibly reach North America and why?

Answer: The first man may have reached North America around 30,000 years ago in search of game.

Question: How did the migrations from Asia to North America compare to European migration in terms of timing?

Answer: Migrations from Asia to North America preceded European migration by many centuries.

Question: What happened to the population of North America during the last Ice Age?

Answer: During the last Ice Age, approximately 10,000 years ago, the population of North America moved further south.

Question: What is the age of the oldest artifact discovered in America and what was it?

Answer: The oldest artifact found in America is an arrow point, which is approximately 11,000 years old.

Question: When did the population of North America start to increase and why?

Answer: The population of North America began to increase around 5,000 years ago when the climate became more stable.

Question: Where did the inhabitants of North America live and what did they grow?

Answer: The inhabitants of North America lived in bands and villages along river valleys. They grew crops such as maize and vegetables.

Question: What did the people of North America eat and what animals did they hunt?

Answer: The people of North America ate fish and meat. They often went on long journeys to hunt animals, mainly bison and wild buffaloes.

Question: When did hunting become easier for the natives and why?

Answer: Hunting became easier for the natives in the 17th century when they started to ride horses obtained from Spanish settlers.

Question: How did the natives treat the animals they hunted?

Answer: The natives only killed as many animals as they needed for their food and did not waste resources.

Question: Why didn't the natives of North America attempt to establish kingdoms or empires?

Answer: The natives did not attempt to establish kingdoms or empires because they did not have surplus corn or large-scale agriculture.

Question: What were the major concerns of the native tribes regarding land?

Answer: While there were occasional territorial disputes between native tribes over land, the control of land was not an important issue as they had no land hunger

.

Question: What were the natives satisfied with in terms of land and shelter?

Answer: The natives were satisfied with the land and shelter they had, and they did not desire to own more land.

Question: How did the natives acquire goods?

Answer: The natives obtained goods not by buying them, but by receiving gifts.

Question: What languages did the people of North America speak and how did they pass on their history?

Answer: The people of North America spoke a large number of languages, but these were never written down. They passed on their history orally from one generation to the next.

Question: What were some skills and knowledge possessed by the people of North America?

Answer: The people of North America were skilled craftsmen who wove beautiful clothes. They also had knowledge about climates, soil quality, and different types of landscapes.

Question: How did the people of North America view time?

Answer: The people of North America believed that time moved in cycles.

Displacement and Repression of Local People

• European traders and adventurers arrived on the northeast coast of North America in the 17th century.
• It took them a difficult two-month voyage to reach their destination.
• The native people they encountered were friendly and welcoming.
• The adventurers came to trade in fish and furs.
• The natives willingly helped them find these things.
• French adventurers who went further south discovered that native people gathered regularly to trade unique handicrafts and food.
• Europeans exchanged blankets and iron vessels for the natives' clay pots.
• Europeans also gave guns to the natives as an alternative to bows and arrows for hunting.
• Europeans introduced alcohol to the natives, which they didn't know about before, and the natives became addicted to it.
• The addiction to alcohol allowed Europeans to have more control over trade.
• In return, the natives made Europeans addicted to tobacco.

Question: When did European traders and adventurers reach the northeast coast of North America?

Answer: European traders and adventurers reached the northeast coast of North America in the seventeenth century.

Question: What did the European traders find when they reached their destination?

Answer: When the European traders reached their destination after a difficult voyage of two months, they found that the native peoples were friendly and welcoming.

Question: What was the purpose of the adventurers' journey to North America?

Answer: The purpose of the adventurers' journey to North America was to trade in fish and furs.

Question: How did the natives assist the European traders in their search for fish and furs?

Answer: The natives willingly helped the European traders in their search for fish and furs.

Question: Where did the French adventurers go further south?

Answer: The French adventurers went further south along the Mississippi River.

Question: What did the natives do when they gathered regularly at one place?

Answer: When the natives gathered regularly at one place, they exchanged unique handicrafts unique to a tribe or food articles not available in other regions.

Question: What did the Europeans exchange with the natives for their clay pots?

Answer: The Europeans exchanged blankets and iron vessels with the natives in exchange for their clay pots.

Question: What did the Europeans give to the natives that served as a useful supplement for bows and arrows?

Answer: The Europeans gave guns to the natives, which served as a useful supplement for bows and arrows to hunt animals.

Question: What did the Europeans introduce to the natives, causing them to become addicted to it?

Answer: The Europeans introduced alcohol to the natives, about which they had not known anything earlier, and the natives became addicted to it.

Question: Why did the Europeans introduce alcohol to the natives?

Answer: The Europeans introduced alcohol to the natives because it suited them and enabled them to dictate terms for trade.

Question: What did the natives make the Europeans addicted to?

Answer: The natives made the Europeans addicted to tobacco.

The Natives and the Europeans-the Mutual Perceptions

• In the 18th century, Western Europeans believed that literacy, organized religion, and urbanism were essential for civilized people.
• They considered Native Americans to be "uncivilized" because they lacked these factors.
• However, Jean Jacques Rousseau, a French scholar, admired Native Americans because they were untouched by the corruptions of civilization.
• The term "Noble Savage" was used to describe them.
• English poet Wordsworth described Native Americans as living in the wild, where their imagination and emotions were limited.
• Both Rousseau and Wordsworth had never actually met Native Americans.
• Native Americans were friendly to European immigrants and considered the goods exchanged as gifts of friendship, while Europeans had profit motives.
• Europeans dreamt of becoming rich by selling fish and furs in Europe.
• Native Americans had no knowledge of economic theories and didn't understand fluctuating prices for their goods.
• They were annoyed by the Europeans' greed and didn't comprehend the distant European market's influence on trade.
• Europeans' impatience for furs led to the slaughter of hundreds of beavers, causing sadness and fear among the natives.
• The first Europeans came to America as traders, while later settlers came to establish a new life in the "New World."
• Protestant Christians migrated to America to escape persecution in predominantly Catholic Christian countries of Europe.
• Initially, there was enough vacant land, but as it became scarce in coastal areas, Europeans moved further inland near native villages.
• They cleared forests using iron tools to create agricultural farms.

Question: What were the three factors that Western Europeans considered essential for civilized people in the 18th century?

Answer: Western Europeans considered literacy, an organized religion, and urbanism essential for civilized people in the 18th century.

Question: How did Western Europeans view the Native Americans during that time?

Answer: Western Europeans considered Native Americans "uncivilized" because they lacked literacy, an organized religion, and urbanism.

Question: Who admired the Native Americans for being untouched by the corruptions of civilization?

Answer: The great French scholar Jean Jacques Rousseau admired the Native Americans for being untouched by the corruptions of civilization.

Question: How did Wordsworth describe the lives of Native Americans?

Answer: Wordsworth described the lives of Native Americans as living amid wilds where their imagination and emotions had limited freedom to develop and refine.

Question: How did Native Americans view the goods exchanged with the European immigrants?

Answer: Native Americans considered the goods exchanged with European immigrants as gifts given in friendship.

Question: What were the motives of the European traders in their interactions with the Native Americans?

Answer: The European traders had profit motives and dreamt of becoming rich by selling fish and furs in Europe.

Question: What did Native Americans lack knowledge about in terms of economics and trade?

Answer: Native Americans lacked knowledge about the theories of economics, including fluctuating prices and the market position in distant Europe.

Question: What caused annoyance among Native Americans regarding the European traders?

Answer: Native Americans were annoyed by the Europeans' greed and their inconsistent quantities of goods exchanged, which they did not understand.

Question: What were the consequences of Europeans' impatience for furs?

Answer: The Europeans' impatience for furs led to the slaughter of hundreds of beavers, which saddened the Native Americans and instilled fear of potential revenge from the animals.

Question: Who were the first Europeans to come to America, and what was their purpose?

Answer: The first Europeans to come to America were traders who came for trading purposes.

Question: Why did later settlers come to America?

Answer: Later settlers came to America to establish a new life in the "New World" due to religious persecution in predominantly Catholic Christian countries of Europe.

Question: What did Europeans do when vacant land became scarce in coastal areas?

Answer: When vacant land became scarce in coastal areas, Europeans moved further inland near native villages and cleared forests using iron tools to create agricultural farms.

The Natives and the Europeans: Resources

• In the late 18th century, Europeans started cutting down forests in North America to grow crops like corn.
• Thomas Jefferson, a US military general, wanted the country to be populated by Europeans with small farms.
• Native Americans grew crops for their own needs and did not believe in owning land, which Jefferson considered uncivilized.
• Canada and the USA were established as countries in the late 18th century, occupying a small part of North America.
• Over the next hundred years, they expanded their territories through purchases and wars, without considering the consent of native peoples.
• The western frontier of the USA kept moving westward, causing native peoples to be forced to move as well.
• Europeans treated the land differently from native peoples, as many Europeans wanted to own land in America.
• Immigrants from countries like Germany, Sweden, Italy, and Poland came to America to own farms or work on large flat areas of land.
• The Europeans cleared forests and grew crops like rice and cotton, which could not be grown in Europe, for profit.
• They also hunted wild animals to protect their farms, and with the invention of barbed wires in 1873, they felt more secure.
• Slavery was practiced in the southern regions of North America, and a civil war broke out in 1861-65 between states that wanted to retain slavery and those who wanted to abolish it.
• The northern states, which did not have slavery, won the war and slavery was legally abolished in the USA.
• However, it took until the 20th century for African Americans to achieve civil liberties and end segregation in schools and public transport.
• In Canada, the British occupied the country in 1763 after a war with France.
• French settlers in Canada demanded dominion status, and eventually Canada was established as a Confederation of autonomous states.

Question: Why did Europeans cut down forests in North America?

Answer: Europeans cut down forests in North America to cultivate land and grow crops like corn.

Question: What did Thomas Jefferson want for the country?

Answer: Thomas Jefferson wanted the country to be populated by Europeans with small farms.

Question: How did native peoples view land ownership?

Answer: Native peoples did not believe in owning land and grew crops only for their own needs, not for making a profit.

Question: How did the USA and Canada come into existence?

Answer: The USA and Canada came into existence at the end of the 18th century, initially occupying a small territory of North America.

Question: How did the USA acquire large territories?

Answer: The USA acquired large territories through purchases, such as the Louisiana Purchase from France and Alaska from Russia, as well as through wars, like the Mexican-American War.

Question: What happened to the native peoples as the western frontier of the USA moved?

Answer: As the western frontier of the USA moved, native peoples were compelled to move back as well.

Question: How did Europeans treat the land differently from native peoples?

Answer: Europeans treated the land differently from native peoples, as many Europeans wanted to own land in America and cultivate it for profit.

Question: What crops did Europeans cultivate in America?

Answer: Europeans cultivated crops like rice and cotton in America, which could not be grown in Europe.

Question: How did Europeans protect their farms from wild animals?

Answer: Europeans hunted wild animals like wolves and mountain lions indiscriminately to protect their farms.

Question: What invention made farmers feel more secure from wild animals?

Answer: The invention of barbed wires in 1873 made farmers feel totally secure from wild animals.

Question: How did slavery affect the southern regions of North America?

Answer: The plantation owners in the southern regions of North America enslaved native peoples and brought slaves from African countries to work on their plantations.

Question: What was the outcome of the American Civil War?

Answer: In the American Civil War, the northern states, which wanted to abolish slavery, came out as victorious, leading to the legal abolition of slavery in the USA.

Question: When did African Americans achieve civil liberties?

Answer: African Americans achieved civil liberties after a hard struggle, but it was only in the 20th century that they won the battle for civil liberties, ending segregation between whites and "non-whites" in schools and public transport.

Question: When and how did Canada come under British occupation?

Answer: The British occupied Canada in 1763 after a war with France.

Question: What demand did French settlers in Canada make?

Answer: French settlers in Canada demanded dominion status, similar to other British colonies.

Question: How was Canada established?

Answer: Canada was established as a Confederation of autonomous states to meet the demands of the French settlers and provide them with dominion status.

Historians' Viewpoints on the impact of European Settlement on Indigenous Population

• European settlers induced or forced natives to sell their lands through treaties, paying them very low prices.
• US Government officials showed no sympathy towards the native people who were unjustly deprived of their lands.
• The Cherokee tribe in Georgia was denied rights of citizenship, despite their efforts to learn English and adopt the American way of life.
• In 1832, Chief Justice Marshall recognized the Cherokee as a distinct community with sovereignty in certain matters, but President Andrew Jackson refused to honor the judgment.
• President Jackson ordered the US army to evict the Cherokee from their lands, resulting in the forced relocation known as the Trail of Tears, where many died on the way.
• Whites occupying native lands justified their actions by claiming the natives did not maximize land usage and condemned them as lazy.
• Natives were pushed westwards and given different lands, but were evicted again when valuable resources were discovered.
• Tribes were often confined to reservations, small areas with no prior connection to the natives, leading to conflicts between tribes.
• The US forces ruthlessly crushed native rebellions from 1885 to 1890, while Canada also experienced rebellions by people of European descent between 1869 and 1885.

Question: How did European settlers acquire land from the native peoples in the USA?

Answer: European settlers induced or forced the natives to sell them their lands through treaties, often paying them very low prices.

Question: How did US Government officials treat the native people who lost their lands?

Answer: US Government officials showed no sympathy towards the native people who were unjustly deprived of their lands.

Question: What happened to the Cherokee tribe in Georgia?

Answer: The Cherokee tribe in Georgia was denied rights of citizenship, despite their efforts to learn English and adopt the American way of life.

Question: What did Chief Justice Marshall state about the Cherokee in a court judgment?

Answer: In 1832, Chief Justice Marshall recognized the Cherokee as a distinct community with sovereignty in certain matters, stating that the laws of Georgia had no force on their territory.

Question: How did President Andrew Jackson respond to the court judgment regarding the Cherokee?

Answer: President Andrew Jackson refused to honor Chief Justice Marshall's judgment and ordered the US army to evict the Cherokee from their lands.

Question: What was the forced relocation of the Cherokee known as, and what were its consequences?

Answer: The forced relocation of the Cherokee was known as the Trail of Tears, during which about 15,000 Cherokees were forced to move, and about a quarter of them died on their way.

Question: How did the Whites occupying native lands justify their actions?

Answer: Whites occupying native lands justified their actions by claiming that the natives did not use the land to its maximum potential and condemning them as lazy and uninterested in adopting English or dressing correctly.

Question: How were native peoples pushed westwards and what were the consequences?

Answer: Native peoples were pushed westwards, often being given different lands, but were evicted again when valuable resources were discovered. This led to conflicts between tribes and the confinement of many natives to small areas called "reservations."

Question: How did the US forces respond to native rebellions?

Answer: The US forces ruthlessly crushed a series of native rebellions from 1885 to 1890, using military force to suppress them.

Question: Did Canada experience rebellions by people of European descent?

Answer: Yes, Canada also experienced rebellions by people of European descent between 1869 and 1885, known as the Metis rebellions. However, there were no further revolts after that period.

Gold Rush in North America and the growth of Industries

• Traces of gold were found in California in the 1840s, leading to the Gold Rush.
• Foreman James W. Marshall discovered gold while working in a small sawmill on January 24, 1848.
• The discovery of gold attracted thousands of European immigrants to America, hoping to make a quick fortune.
• Railways were built across the continent, with Chinese workers playing a significant role in their construction.
• The railway network in the USA was completed by 1870, while in Canada it was completed in 1885.
• Scottish immigrant Andrew Carnegie became one of the first millionaire industrialists in the USA, praising the country's rapid progress.
• The industrial revolution in England drove small peasants to towns for work in factories, while in North America, industries developed to manufacture railway equipment and machinery for large-scale farming.
• Both the USA and Canada witnessed the growth of industrial towns and an increase in factories.
• By 1890, the USA became the leading industrial power in the world.
• Large-scale agriculture also flourished, with vast forest lands being cleared and numerous agricultural farms established.
• The extermination of bisons by 1890 marked the end of the native peoples' traditional hunting lifestyle.
• By 1892, the USA had completed continental expansion and began establishing colonies in Hawaii and the Philippines, becoming an imperial power.

Question: What led to the Gold Rush in the USA in the 1840s?

Answer: Traces of gold found in California led to the Gold Rush in the USA.

Question: Who discovered gold in California?

Answer: Foreman James W. Marshall discovered gold while working in a small sawmill on January 24, 1848.

Question: How did the discovery of gold impact immigration to America?

Answer: The discovery of gold attracted thousands of European immigrants to America, who rushed there in hopes of making a quick fortune.

Question: Who played a significant role in building the railways across the continent?

Answer: Chinese workers played a significant role in building the railways across the continent.

Question: When was the railway network completed in the USA and Canada?

Answer: The railway network was completed in the USA by 1870 and in Canada by 1885.

Question: Who became one of the first millionaire industrialists in the USA?

Answer: Scottish immigrant Andrew Carnegie became one of the first millionaire industrialists in the USA.

Question: What were the reasons for the development of industries in North America?

Answer: Industries in North America developed to manufacture railway equipment and machinery for large-scale farming.

Question: What contributed to the rapid progress of the USA's industrial revolution?

Answer: The growth of industrial towns and the establishment of numerous factories contributed to the rapid progress of the USA's industrial revolution.

Question: By what year did the USA become the leading industrial power in the world?

Answer: By 1890, the USA had become the leading industrial power in the world.

Question: How did large-scale agriculture flourish in the USA?

Answer: Vast areas of forest land were cleared, and numerous agricultural farms were established, leading to the flourishing of large-scale agriculture.

Question: What marked the end of the traditional hunting lifestyle of the native peoples?

Answer: The extermination of bisons by 1890 marked the end of the traditional hunting lifestyle of the native peoples.

Question: When did the USA complete its continental expansion and start establishing colonies?

Answer: By 1892, the USA had completed continental expansion and began establishing colonies in Hawaii and the Philippines, becoming an imperial power.

Struggle for Constitutional Rights

• Settlers in the US fought for independence from British rule and successfully established the United States of America.
• The USA opposed the monarchies and aristocracies of the old world.
• The US Constitution, which was adopted in 1787, included the right to property that the state could not deny its citizens.
• However, democratic rights were denied to non-whites.
• Only white individuals had the right to vote for representatives in the US Congress and for the President, as well as the right to property.

Question: What were the settlers in the US fighting for?

Answer: The settlers in the US were fighting for independence from British rule.

Question: What happened after the settlers won independence?

Answer: The United States of America came into existence.

Question: What was the USA's stance towards monarchies and aristocracies?

Answer: The USA was against the monarchies and aristocracies of the old world.

Question: When did the US Constitution come into force?

Answer: The US Constitution came into force in 1787.

Question: What was included in the US Constitution regarding individual rights?

Answer: The US Constitution included the individual's right to property, which the state could not deny to its citizens.

Question: Which group of people were denied democratic rights in the USA?

Answer: Non-whites were denied democratic rights in the USA.

Question: What rights were given only to white individuals in the USA?

Answer: Only white individuals had the right to vote for representatives to the US Congress and for the President, as well as the right to property.

Question: How would you describe the democratic rights in the early USA?

Answer: While the US Constitution recognized the right to property, it denied democratic rights to non-whites, limiting voting rights and political representation to white individuals.

The Winds of Change in North America

• The government did not take measures to improve conditions for native people in the USA and Canada.
• The Economic Depression of 1929-32 affected all people, including natives, and revealed poor health and education facilities in reservation areas.
• The Indian Reorganisation Act of 1934 granted natives the right to buy land and take loans in reservation areas, a significant step for their betterment.
• In the 1950s and 1960s, the US and Canadian governments considered abolishing special provisions for natives in hopes of assimilation, but the natives strongly opposed this.
• In 1954, the "Declaration of Indian Rights" was prepared, and some native people accepted US citizenship with the condition of protecting their reservation areas and traditions.
• In Canada, similar developments occurred, and in 1969, the Canadian government's declaration not to recognize aboriginal rights faced opposition.
• The Constitution Act of 1982 in Canada finally recognized existing aboriginal treaty rights.
• Native people have become more assertive in asserting their rights, preserving their cultures, and protecting their sacred lands.

Question: What measures did the government take to improve the conditions of the native people in the USA and Canada?

Answer: The government took no measures to improve the conditions of the native people in the USA and Canada.

Question: How did the Economic Depression of 1929-32 impact the native people?

Answer: The Economic Depression of 1929-32 affected all people, including the native people, and revealed terrible poor health and education facilities in the "reservation areas".

Question: What major step was taken for the betterment of the native Americans?

Answer: The Indian Reorganisation Act of 1934 was passed, which gave the natives the right to buy land and take loans in reservation areas.

Question: What did the US and Canadian governments consider in the 1950s and 1960s?

Answer: The US and Canadian governments considered abolishing all special provisions for the natives in hopes that they would assimilate into European culture.

Question: How did the native people respond to the idea of assimilation?

Answer: The natives were severely opposed to the idea of assimilation and prepared "the Declaration of Indian Rights" in 1954, demanding the protection of their reservation areas and traditions.

Question: What announcement by the Canadian Government faced opposition?

Answer: In 1969, the Canadian Government declared that it would not "recognise aboriginal rights," which faced severe opposition from the native people.

Question: When did the Constitution Act recognize aboriginal treaty rights in Canada?

Answer: The Constitution Act of 1982 recognized the existing aboriginal treaty rights of the native people in Canada.

Question: How have native people asserted their rights and preserved their cultures?

Answer: Despite their reduced numbers, native people have forcefully asserted their rights to their own cultures and sacred lands, demonstrating a powerful awakening and determination.

Australia

• Australia is the most isolated large landmass in the world.
• Oldest forms of life have survived in Australia, including eucalyptus plants, monotreme mammals, and marsupials.
• Early human types, still in the Paleolithic stage, existed in Australia when the British settlers arrived in the late 18th century.
• Europeans didn't recognize the importance of Aboriginal culture and didn't document the history of the continent.
• The exact arrival date of Aboriginals in Australia is unknown, estimated to be between 10,000 and 100,000 years ago.
• Aboriginals likely migrated from Southeast Asia around 40,000 years ago.
• Aboriginals lived in an isolated and challenging environment, leading a nomadic and primitive existence.
• By the end of the 18th century, there were around 350 to 750 native communities in Australia, each with its own language.
• Torres Strait Islanders are considered Aboriginals and make up about 2.4% of Australia's population.
• Australia's population is concentrated along the coast due to the arid desert nature of the central region.

Question: What makes Australia unique in terms of its isolation?

Answer: Australia is the most isolated large landmass in the world, leading to the survival of ancient forms of life and early human types.

Question: What are some examples of ancient life forms that have survived in Australia?

Answer: Ancient plants such as the eucalyptus family and unique mammals like monotremes and marsupials have survived in Australia.

Question: How did the Europeans perceive the Aboriginal culture in Australia?

Answer: The Europeans did not recognize the importance of Aboriginal culture and showed little interest in documenting the history of the isolated continent.

Question: When did the Aboriginals arrive in Australia, and where are they believed to have originated from?

Answer: The exact arrival date of the Aboriginals in Australia is uncertain, but archaeologists estimate it to be between 10,000 and 100,000 years ago. They are believed to have migrated from Southeast Asia around 40,000 years ago.

Question: How did the Aboriginals live in Australia, and what was their population like?

Answer: The Aboriginals, who lived in an isolated and challenging environment, likely numbered only several hundred thousand and maintained a nomadic and primitive way of life.

Question: How many native communities existed in Australia by the end of the 18th century, and what was unique about them?

Answer: By the end of the 18th century, Australia had between 350 and 750 native communities, each with its own language and cultural practices.

Question: Who are the Torres Strait Islanders, and how are they connected to Aboriginals?

Answer: The Torres Strait Islanders are a large group of indigenous people living in the north of Australia. They are considered Aboriginals and are believed to have migrated from elsewhere, belonging to different races.

Question: What percentage of Australia's population do the Torres Strait Islanders constitute?

Answer: In 2005, the Torres Strait Islanders made up to 2.4% of the population of Australia.

Question: Why are most of Australia's towns situated along the coast?

Answer: Australia's towns are primarily located along the coast because the central region of the continent is arid desert, making it unsuitable for large human settlements.

Discovery of Australia

• British navigator Captain James Cook visited Australia in 1770 and made it known to the British.
• The first settlement in Australia was established in 1788 as a place to send criminals.
• During the 19th century, five separate areas in Australia were colonized, including Tasmania and New Zealand.
• In the beginning, Captain Cook found the native people friendly and enthusiastic.
• However, when Captain Cook was killed by a native in Hawaii, the British authorities changed their feelings towards the natives.
• This single incident was used to justify violence against the native people in the colonies.
• Sadly, in the 19th and 20th centuries, about 90% of the native people died due to epidemics, loss of their lands and resources, and conflicts with the European settlers.
• Many early settlers in Australia were convicts who had been sent from England.
• Once their jail terms ended, they were allowed to live as free people in Australia but not return to Britain.
• These settlers began to take the land from the native people and set up their own farms for cultivation.

Question: When did Captain James Cook visit Australia and why did he go there?

Answer: Captain James Cook visited Australia in 1770. He went there to explore and make it known to the British.

Question: What was the purpose of the first settlement in Australia?

Answer: The first settlement in Australia, established in 1788, was intended as a place to send criminals as a form of punishment.

Question: How many separate areas in Australia were colonized during the 19th century? Can you name some of them?

Answer: During the 19th century, five separate areas in Australia were colonized. Some of these areas include Tasmania and New Zealand.

Question: How did Captain Cook describe the native people of Australia when he first encountered them?

Answer: Captain Cook described the native people of Australia as friendly and enthusiastic when he first encountered them.

Question: What event caused the British authorities to change their feelings towards the native people of Australia?

Answer: The British authorities changed their feelings towards the native people of Australia when Captain Cook was killed by a native in Hawaii.

Question: How was the single incident of Captain Cook's death used by the colonizers?

Answer: The colonizers used the single incident of Captain Cook's death as a justification for committing acts of violence against the native people in the colonies.

Question: What were some of the factors that led to the high death toll among the native people of Australia in the 19th and 20th centuries?

Answer: The native people of Australia suffered a high death toll due to exposure to epidemics, loss of their lands and resources, and conflicts with the European settlers.

Question: Who were the early settlers in Australia, and why were they sent there?

Answer: The early settlers in Australia were convicts who had been deported from England. They were sent there as a form of punishment for their crimes.

Question: What conditions were placed on the early convicts who became free settlers in Australia?

Answer: The early convicts who became free settlers in Australia were not allowed to return to Britain, and they had to live their lives in Australia.

Question: What did the early settlers in Australia do when they became free and started living in Australia?

Answer: When the early settlers in Australia became free, they started ejecting the native people from their lands and set up their own farms for cultivation.

Economic Development

• Vast sheep farms, mining stations, vineyards, and wheat farming were established in Australia for economic development.
• The gold discoveries and self-government led to rapid development and the realization of the need for intercolonial cooperation.
• In 1897, a convention was held to create the Commonwealth of Australia, which officially came into being on January 1, 1901.
• The first parliament was convened by the first Governor General, the Earl of Hopetoun, on April 29, 1901, and was opened by the Duke of Cornwall and York (later King George V) on May 9.
• Canberra was chosen as the new capital of Australia and its name means "meeting place."
• From 1948 to 1975, about two million Europeans migrated to Australia and settled there.
• The conditions for the native people remained miserable, resembling slavery, and they had to work under harsh conditions.
• Chinese immigrants provided cheap labor for some time, but they were later banned by the government.
• Until 1974, the government policy aimed to keep non-white people, particularly from South Asia and Southeast Asia, from settling in Australia.

Question: What were some of the economic activities that contributed to the development of Australia?

Answer: Vast sheep farms, mining stations, vineyards, and wheat farming were established, which formed the basis of economic prosperity in the country.

Question: What events led to the need for intercolonial cooperation in Australia?

Answer: The rapid development following gold discoveries and the granting of self-government brought about a realization of the need for intercolonial cooperation.

Question: When was the Commonwealth of Australia declared, and who convened the first parliament?

Answer: The Commonwealth of Australia was declared to come into being on or after January 1, 1901. The first parliament was convened by the first Governor General, the Earl of Hopetoun.

Question: Who opened the first parliament of Australia, and when did it take place?

Answer: The first parliament of Australia was opened by the Duke of Cornwall and York (later King George V) on May 9, 1901.

Question: Why was Canberra chosen as the new capital of Australia, and what does its name mean?

Answer: Canberra was chosen as the new capital of Australia to establish a central meeting place. Its name means "meeting place" and comes from the word "Kamberra."

Question: How many Europeans migrated to Australia between 1948 and 1975, and why did they come?

Answer: About two million Europeans migrated to Australia between 1948 and 1975, seeking new opportunities and settling in the country.

Question: What were the conditions like for the native people of Australia during this period?

Answer: The conditions for the native people remained miserable, resembling slavery, as they had to work under harsh conditions.

Question: Who provided cheap labor for some time in Australia, and why were they later banned?

Answer: Chinese immigrants provided cheap labor for some time in Australia, but they were later banned by the government to reduce dependence on non-whites.

Question: What was the government's policy towards non-white people until 1974, and why did they enforce it?

Answer: Until 1974, the government aimed to keep non-white people, particularly from South Asia and Southeast Asia, from settling in Australia, as they did not want to be dependent on non-white immigrants from those regions.

Change in Government Policy towards Immigrants

• In the 1970s, there was a growing interest in understanding the native communities in Australia, similar to what was happening in the USA and Canada.
• The communities were recognized as having different cultures, unique ways of understanding nature and climate, and valuable skills in storytelling, textile, painting, and carving.
• University departments were established to study native cultures, and native art was added to art galleries.
• Museums expanded to include exhibits that showcased and explained native culture.
• The concept of "Human Rights" became prominent in international discussions and meetings.
• The Australian and New Zealand Governments did not have formal treaties with the native people regarding the takeover of land by Europeans.
• Children of mixed native-European heritage were forcibly separated from their native relatives, leading to protests and inquiries.
• Two important decisions were made: recognizing the natives' strong historic bonds with the land and the need for respect, and issuing a public apology for the injustice done to the separated children.
• In February 2008, Prime Minister Kevin Michael Rudd apologized to the Aboriginal people of Australia for past atrocities, acknowledging the wrongdoings of previous governments and promising equal opportunities for all people, including Aboriginals and other settlers.

Question: What changes occurred in the 1970s regarding the understanding of native communities in Australia?

Answer: In the 1970s, there was an eagerness to understand natives as communities with different cultures, unique ways of understanding nature and climate, and valuable artistic skills.

Question: How did universities and museums contribute to the recognition of native cultures?

Answer: University departments were established to study native cultures, and museums enlarged their exhibits to include artifacts and explanations of native culture.

Question: What historic bonds were recognized between the native people and the land?

Answer: It was recognized that the native people had strong historic bonds with the land, which they considered "sacred," and that these bonds should be respected.

Question: What actions were taken to address the injustices done to the children of mixed native-European heritage?

Answer: Two important decisions were made: recognizing the historic bonds of the natives with the land and issuing a public apology for the separation of mixed-heritage children.

Question: When did the Prime Minister of Australia apologize to the Aboriginal people, and what did he acknowledge in his speech?

Answer: In February 2008, Prime Minister Kevin Michael Rudd apologized to the Aboriginal people, acknowledging the atrocities committed in the past and admitting the wrongdoings of previous governments.

Question: What promise did Prime Minister Rudd make for the future of Australia?

Answer: Prime Minister Rudd promised that in the future, all people, whether Aboriginal or settlers, would be given equal opportunities to progress and make advancements in Australia.

Get textual questions and MCQs on onlinefreenotes.com